Shandor remete biography of albert einstein

He also had what were considered speech challenges. However, he developed a passion for classical music and playing the violin, which would stay with him into his later years. Toward the end of the s, Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who sometimes dined with the Einstein family, became an informal tutor to young Einstein. Hermann relocated the family to Milan, Italy, in the mids after his business lost out on a major contract.

Einstein was eventually able to gain admission into the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, specifically due to his superb mathematics and physics scores on the entrance exam. He was still required to complete his pre-university education first and thus attended a high school in Aarau, Switzerland, helmed by Jost Winteler.

Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century. The maximum score of the current version iswith an IQ of or higher ranking in the 99 th percentile. Magazine columnist Marilyn vos Savant has the highest-ever recorded IQ at and was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records in the late s.

However, Guinness discontinued the category because of debates about testing accuracy. After graduating from university, Einstein faced major challenges in terms of finding academic positions, having alienated some professors over not attending class more regularly in lieu of studying independently. Einstein eventually found steady work in after receiving a referral for a clerk position in a Swiss patent office.

While working at the patent office, Einstein had the time to further explore ideas that had taken hold during his university studies and thus cemented his theorems on what would be known as the principle of relativity. Two focused on the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion. The theory explains that space and time are actually connected, and Einstein called this joint structure space-time.

Einstein considered this theory the culmination of his life research. It also offered a more expansive, nuanced explanation of how gravitational forces worked. Today, the theories of relativity underpin the accuracy of GPS technology, among other phenomena. Even so, Einstein did make one mistake when developing his general theory, which naturally predicted the universe is either expanding or contracting.

His later theories directly contracted this idea and asserted that the universe could be in a state of flux. Then, astronomer Edwin Hubble deduced that we indeed inhabit an expanding universe. This equation suggested that tiny particles of matter could be converted into huge amounts of energy, a discovery that heralded atomic power.

Famed quantum theorist Max Planck backed up the assertions of Einstein, who thus became a star of the lecture circuit and academia, taking on various positions before becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics today is known as the Max Planck Institute for Physics from to InEinstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, since his ideas on relativity were still considered questionable.

Einstein married Mileva Maric on January 6, While attending school in Zurich, Einstein met Maric, a Serbian physics student. Einstein continued to grow closer to Maric, but his parents were strongly against the relationship due to her ethnic background. Nonetheless, Einstein continued to see her, with the two developing a correspondence via letters in which he expressed many of his scientific ideas.

Einstein and Mavic had three children. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape "Donate to the archive" User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass.

Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. Internet Arcade Console Living Room. He devoted the last period of his life trying to formulate a final unified field theory which included a rational explanation for electromagnetism. However, he was to be frustrated in searching for this final breakthrough theory. He based this on his new general theory of relativity.

The news was published in newspapers around the world, and it made Einstein internationally known as a leading physicist. It was also symbolic of international co-operation between British and German scientists after the horrors of the First World War. Einstein gave lectures to packed audiences and became an internationally recognised shandor remete biography of albert einstein for his work on physics, but also his wider observations on world affairs.

During the s, other scientists started developing the work of Einstein and coming to different conclusions on Quantum Physics. In andEinstein took part in debates with Max Born about the nature of relativity and quantum physics. Although the two disagreed on physics, they shared a mutual admiration. As a German Jew, Einstein was threatened by the rise of the Nazi party.

He later wrote that he never had strong opinions about race and nationality but saw himself as a citizen of the world. Race is a fraud. All modern people are the conglomeration of so many ethnic mixtures that no pure race remains. Once in the US, Einstein dedicated himself to a strict discipline of academic study. He would spend no time on maintaining his dress and image.

Einstein was notoriously absent-minded. In his youth, he once left his suitcase at a friends house. Although a bit of a loner, and happy in his own company, he had a good sense of humour. On January 3,Einstein received a letter from a girl who was having difficulties with mathematics in her studies. Einstein consoled her when he wrote in reply to her letter.

I can assure you that mine are still greater. But, he followed no established religion. His view of God sought to establish a harmony between science and religion. Einstein described himself as a Zionist Socialist. He did support the state of Israel but became concerned about the narrow nationalism of the new state. Inhe was offered the position as President of Israel, but he declined saying he had:.

This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author Upton Sinclair and film star Charlie Chaplinboth noted for their pacifism. Carl Laemmlehead of Universal Studiosgave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner.

Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament", from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy". Chaplin's film City Lights was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests. Walter IsaacsonEinstein's biographer, described this as one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity.

Chaplin speculated that it was possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis. In Februarywhile on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler. While at American universities in earlyhe undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

In February and Marchthe Gestapo repeatedly raided his family's apartment in Berlin. Later on, they heard that their cottage had been raided by the Nazis and Einstein's personal sailboat confiscated. Upon landing in AntwerpBelgium on 28 March, Einstein immediately went to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing his German citizenship.

In AprilEinstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positionsincluding teaching at universities. A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the German Student Union in the Nazi book burningswith Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels proclaiming, "Jewish intellectualism is dead.

I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise. Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. In late Julyhe visited England for about six weeks at the invitation of the British Member of Parliament Commander Oliver Locker-Lampsonwho had become friends with him in the preceding years.

To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two bodyguards watch over him; a photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein was published in the Daily Herald on 24 July British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist Frederick Lindemannto Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.

As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over "1, saved individuals". Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe. On 3 OctoberEinstein delivered a speech on the importance of academic freedom before a packed audience at the Royal Albert Hall in London, with The Times reporting he was wildly cheered throughout.

Einstein was still undecided about his future. He had offers from several European universities, including Christ Church, Oxfordwhere he stayed for three short periods between May and June [ ] and was offered a five-year research fellowship called a " studentship " at Christ Church[ ] [ ] but inhe arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.

Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in Bruria Kaufmanhis assistant, later became a physicist. During this period, Einstein tried to develop a unified field theory and to refute the accepted interpretation of quantum physicsboth unsuccessfully. He lived in Princeton at his home from onwards.

The group's warnings were discounted. The letter is believed to be arguably the key stimulus for the U. Some say that as a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the US entered the "race" to develop the bomb, drawing on its "immense material, financial, and scientific resources" to initiate the Manhattan Project. For Einstein, war was a disease By signing the letter to Roosevelt, some argue he went against his pacifist principles.

Einstein became an American citizen in Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, he expressed his appreciation of the meritocracy in American culture compared to Europe. He recognized the "right of individuals to say and think what they pleased" without social barriers. As a result, individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued from his early education.

He considered racism America's "worst disease", [ ] [ ] seeing it as handed down from one generation to the next. Du Bois and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial as an alleged foreign agent in InEinstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black collegewhere he was awarded an honorary degree. Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to African Americans; alumni include Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall.

Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, I do not intend to be quiet about it. InEinstein was one of the signatories of the founding proclamation of the German Democratic Partya liberal party. Inhe criticized them for not having a "well-regulated system of government" and called their rule a "regime of terror and a tragedy in human history".

He later adopted a more moderated view, criticizing their methods but praising them, which is shown by his remark on Vladimir Lenin :. In Lenin I honor a man, who in total sacrifice of his own person has committed his entire energy to realizing social justice. I do not find his methods advisable. One thing is certain, however: men like him are the guardians and renewers of mankind's conscience.

Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics. Einstein was deeply impressed by Mahatma Gandhiwith whom he corresponded. He described Gandhi as a role model for the generations to come. Sundaram to meet his friend Einstein at his summer home in the town of Caputh.

Sundaram was Gandhi's disciple and special envoy, whom Wilfrid Israel met while visiting India and visiting the Indian leader's home in During the visit, Einstein wrote a short letter to Gandhi that was delivered to him through his envoy, and Gandhi responded quickly with his own letter. Although in the end Einstein and Gandhi were unable to meet as they had hoped, the direct connection between them was established through Wilfrid Israel.

Einstein was a figurehead leader in the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem[ ] which opened in Einstein was not a shandor remete biography of albert einstein and opposed the creation of an independent Jewish state. The state of Israel was established without his help in ; Einstein was limited to a marginal role in the Zionist movement.

Per Lee SmolinI believe what allowed Einstein to achieve so much was primarily a moral quality. He simply cared far more than most of his colleagues that the laws of physics have to explain everything in nature coherently and consistently. In this way the pursuit of science leads to a religious feeling of a special sort. He served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York[ ] and was an honorary associate of the Rationalist Associationwhich publishes New Humanist in Britain.

For the 75th anniversary of the New York Society for Ethical Culturehe stated that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. He observed, Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity. The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish.

No interpretation no matter how subtle can for me change this. For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the Jewish people to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people. I cannot see anything ' chosen ' about them.

Einstein had been sympathetic toward vegetarianism for a long time. Although I have been prevented by outward circumstances from observing a strictly vegetarian diet, I have long been an adherent to the cause in principle. Besides agreeing with the aims of vegetarianism for aesthetic and moral reasons, it is my view that a vegetarian manner of living by its purely physical effect on the human temperament would most beneficially influence the lot of mankind.

He became a vegetarian himself only during the last part of his life. In March he wrote in a letter: So I am living without fats, shandor remete biography of albert einstein meat, without fish, but am feeling quite well this way. It almost seems to me that man was not born to be a carnivore. If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician.

I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music I get most joy in life out of music. His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into German culture. According to conductor Leon BotsteinEinstein began playing when he was 5.

However, he did not enjoy it at that age. When he turned 13, he discovered Mozart 's violin sonataswhereupon he became enamored of Mozart's compositions and studied music more willingly. Einstein taught himself to play without "ever practicing systematically". He said that love is a better teacher than a sense of duty. The examiner stated afterward that his playing was remarkable and revealing of 'great insight'.

What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student. Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played chamber music were a few professionals, including Kurt Appelbaum, and he performed for private audiences and friends.

Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zurich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. Inwhile engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of Beethoven and Mozart's works with members of the Zoellner Quartet.

On 17 AprilEinstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysmwhich had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in Einstein refused surgery, saying, I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly. During the autopsy, the pathologist Thomas Stoltz Harvey removed Einstein's brain for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent.

Robert Oppenheimer summarized his impression of Einstein as a person: He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn. Einstein bequeathed his personal archives, library, and intellectual assets to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.

Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. Einstein's first paper [ 77 ] [ ] submitted in to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction. Two papers he published in — thermodynamics attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.

His research in and was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena. Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density.

At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scatteringwhich is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.

These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on spacetime, and matter. The four papers are:. It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations the laws of electricity and magnetism and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics. The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.

This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to slow downand the body itself would contract in its direction of motion. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether —one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous.

Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of kinematics the study of moving bodies. InHermann Minkowski reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of spacetime.

Shandor remete biography of albert einstein

Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his general theory of relativity. General relativity GR is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Einstein between and According to it, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of spacetime by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics ; it provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holesregions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.

As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion even accelerated ones should appear more satisfactory. In that article titled "On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It", he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply.

This argument is called the equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilationgravitational redshift and gravitational lensing. InEinstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies.

Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally. InEinstein predicted gravitational waves[ ] [ ] ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as wavestraveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its Lorentz invariance which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it.

By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitationwhich postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed. While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.

He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only. In Junethe Entwurf 'draft' theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions.

After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the hole argument was mistaken [ ] and abandoned the theory in November InEinstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was lacking at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the cosmological constantinto the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe.

The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature, in accordance with Einstein's understanding of Mach's principle in these years. This model became known as the Einstein World or Einstein's static universe. Following the discovery of the recession of the galaxies by Edwin Hubble inEinstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, the Friedmann—Einstein universe of [ ] [ ] and the Einstein—de Sitter universe of In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his "biggest blunder", based on a letter George Gamow claimed to have received from him.

The astrophysicist Mario Livio has cast doubt on this claim. In latea team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the galaxies, Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space.

It thus appears that Einstein considered a steady-state model of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold. General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariancebut general covariance makes translation invariance into something of a gauge symmetry.

The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether 's prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason. Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field.

InEinstein collaborated with Nathan Rosen to produce a model of a wormholeoften called Einstein—Rosen bridges. These solutions cut and pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches. Because these solutions included spacetime curvature without the presence of a physical body, Einstein and Rosen suggested that they could provide the beginnings of a theory that avoided the notion of point particles.

However, it was later found that Einstein—Rosen bridges are not stable. In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the s. In general relativity, gravitational force is reimagined as curvature of spacetime.

A curved path like an orbit is not the result of a force deflecting a body from an ideal straight-line path, but rather the body's attempt to fall freely through a background that is itself curved by the presence of other masses. A remark by John Archibald Wheeler that has become proverbial among physicists summarizes the theory: Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve.

The geodesic equation covers the former aspect, stating that freely falling bodies follow lines that are as straight as possible in a curved spacetime. Einstein regarded this as an "independent fundamental assumption" that had to be postulated in addition to the field equations in order to complete the theory. Believing this to be a shortcoming in how general relativity was originally presented, he wished to derive it from the field equations themselves.

Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein field equations themselves, not by a new law. Accordingly, Einstein proposed that the field equations would determine the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, to be a geodesic.

Both physicists and philosophers have often repeated the assertion that the geodesic equation can be obtained from applying the field equations to the motion of a gravitational singularitybut this claim remains disputed. In a paper, [ ] Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles quanta. Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr.

This idea only became universally accepted inwith Robert Millikan 's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of Compton scattering. Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of photons with energy hf each, where h is the Planck constant. He did not say much more, because he was not sure how the particles were related to the wave.

But he did suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the photoelectric effect. Lewis in InEinstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator.

Einstein was aware that shandor remete biography of albert einstein the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. Peter Debye refined this shandor remete biography of albert einstein. InEinstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bosebased on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles.

Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the Bose—Einstein condensate phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University. Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class inhe had not given up on academia.

Inhe became a Privatdozent at the University of Bern. This paper introduced the photon concept and inspired the notion of wave—particle duality in quantum mechanics. Einstein saw this wave—particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new, unified foundation. In a series of works completed from toPlanck reformulated his quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his "second quantum theory".

Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein and his assistant Otto Stern. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.

Inat the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emissionthe physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.

Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie 's work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein observed that de Broglie waves could explain the quantization rules of Bohr and Sommerfeld. Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his paper on the photoelectric effect.

However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved afterdespite its acceptance by other physicists. He was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice". The Bohr—Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohrwho were two of its founders.

Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in Einstein suggested a thought experiment in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other.

The quantum-mechanical description of the two objects is a mathematical entity known as a wavefunction. But because of what would later be called quantum entanglementmeasuring one object would lead to an instantaneous change of the wavefunction describing the other object, no matter how far away it is. Moreover, the choice of which measurement to perform upon the first object would affect what wavefunction could result for the second object.

Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast. Indeed, he argued, physics depends on being able to tell one thing apart from another, and such instantaneous influences would call that into question. Because the true "physical condition" of the second object could not be immediately altered by an action done to the first, Einstein concluded, the wavefunction could not be that true physical condition, only an incomplete description of it.

A more famous version of this argument came inwhen Einstein published a paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen that laid out what would become known as the EPR paradox. Then, no matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would imply the ability to predict, perfectly, the result of measuring the position of the other particle.

Likewise, a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in an equally precise prediction for of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity.

They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty i. From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables incompatible and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any shandor remete biography of albert einstein. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality.

InJohn Stewart Bell carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated.

This constraint would later be called a Bell inequality. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated.

Despite this, and although Einstein personally found the argument in the EPR paper overly complicated, [ ] [ ] that paper became among the most influential papers published in Physical Review. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of quantum information theory. Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity.

Inhe described his unified field theory in a Scientific American article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". Although most researchers now believe that Einstein's approach to unifying physics was mistaken, his goal of a theory of everything is one to which his successors still aspire. Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned.

These pertain to forcesuperconductivityand other research. In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold InfeldNathan RosenPeter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists. InOwen Willans Richardson predicted that a change in the magnetic moment of a free body will cause this body to rotate. This effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum and is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials.

These measurements also allow the separation of the two contributions to the magnetization: that which is associated with the spin and with the orbital motion of the electrons. The Einstein-de Haas experiment is the only experiment concived, realized and published by Albert Einstein himself. It was lost among the museum's holdings and was rediscovered in This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input.

Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, but the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux. Einstein also invented an electromagnetic pump, [ ] sound reproduction device, [ ] and several other household devices. While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse.

The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death she died in [ ]. Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archivestold the BBC that there are about 3, pages of private correspondence written between and Einstein's right of publicity was litigated in in a federal district court in California.

Although the court initially held that the right had expired, [ ] that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety. The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled. The right is enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of that right.

Mount Einstein in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska was named in InEinstein was named Time 's Person of the Century.